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2007. [1] Its flowers have a well-developed panicle, often up to 60 cm long, and it bears a good crop of seeds. [6], Switchgrass is a diverse species, with striking differences between plants. Weeds should be mowed just above the height of the growing switchgrass. Packing or firming the soil both before and after seeding. [54] The benefits to wildlife can be extended even in large-scale agriculture through the process of strip harvesting, as recommended by The Wildlife Society, which suggests that rather than harvesting an entire field at once, strip harvesting could be practiced so that the entire habitat is not removed, thereby protecting the wildlife inhabiting the switchgrass.[55]. 395-423. Switchgrass is useful for soil conservation and amendment, particularly in the United States and Canada, where switchgrass is endemic. It is recommended that grazing begin when the plants are about 50 cm tall, and that grazing be discontinued when the plants have been eaten down to about 25 cm, and to rest the pasture 30 – 45 days between grazing periods. Livestock: Beaked panicgrass is grazed by cattle and is of good value for grazing. Panicum grasses can be used to make brooms; bend the grass about 60 cm from the tip, and allow to dry out by hanging for about two weeks. The plant is said to be diuretic, laxative and preventitive [269, 332 ]. Switchgrass pellets were identified to have a 14.6:1 energy output-to-input ratio, which is substantially better than that for liquid biofuel options from farmland. It grows naturally in open grasslands, usually under or near trees and shrubs, and along riverbanks. Typical nitrogen (N) content of senescent material in the fall is 0.5% N. Fertilizer nitrogen applications of about 5 kg N/hectare (ha) applied for each tonne of biomass removed is a general guideline. ", "What Happened to Bush Call for Switchgrass? In George W. Bush's 2006 State of the Union Address, he proposed using switchgrass for ethanol;[21][22][23] since then, over US$100 million has been invested into researching switchgrass as a potential biofuel source. Illustration courtesy of University of Florida/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Environmental Research Letters. Also appropriate for water gardens, bog gardens and along ponds. A summary of switchgrass yields across 13 research trial sites in the United States found the top two cultivars in each trial to yield 9.4 to 22.9 t/ha, with an average yield of 14.6 ODT/ha. In the United States, switchgrass yields appear to be highest in warm humid regions with long growing seasons such as the US Southeast and lowest in the dry short season areas of the Northern Great Plains. The main advantage of using switchgrass over corn as an ethanol feedstock is its cost of production is generally about 1/2 that of grain corn, and more biomass energy per hectare can be captured in the field. The lower part of the stems has large nodes and internodes with branches coming from the nodes. A somewhat similar species is Dichanthelium boreale (Northern Panic Grass), which is usually found in open ground and is overall smaller, with narrower leaves (up to ~½ inch), spikelets only about 2 mm long and the lower glume ¼ to 1/3 as long as the spikelet. Chemical weed control can be used in the fall prior to establishment, or before or after planting. I eat grass. Life cycle assessment of switchgrass-derived ethanol as transport fuel. Replace a quarter to half of the flour in recipes with finely ground seed. It naturalizes easily in the landscape or makes a great addition to a rain garden, or border. It can be used by cattle farmers for hay and pasture and as a substitute for wheat straw in many applications, including livestock bedding, straw bale housing, and as a substrate for growing mushrooms. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Its distribution spans south of latitude 55°N from Saskatchewan to Nova Scotia, south over most of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and further south into Mexico. Springer Science, Berlin, Germany. This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 16:11. Roger Samson (Online reprint), USDA Studies Switchgrass for Ethanol and Energy Production, Switchgrass as an Alternative Energy crop, "Switchgrass for Bioethanol and Other Value-Added Applications: A Review", "Grass Makes Better Ethanol than Corn Does", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panicum_virgatum&oldid=992116810, Native grasses of the Great Plains region, Articles with dead external links from March 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. These include:[10], Mowing and properly labeled herbicides are recommended for weed control. Click on the buttons to learn more about each species. The grass is tied around the head in order to bring relief from a headache [332 ]. They also factored in the transportation of the stored switchgrass to the ethanol plant where they assumed the distance was 20 km. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. Livestock and wildlife graze on beaked panic grass from early spring to late fall but should be deferred during the summer to improve plant vigor and density. Uses Megamax® 049 panic grass is an excellent option for high input, intensive grazing or hay cutting operations. There are 21 known species, both introduced and native. 2006. Sap from the crushed fresh plant is used as a cicatrisant on wounds and sores [332 ]. Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals. Bailey Stamler, S., R. Samson and C. Ho Lem. Leaves abundant, 7-12″ long and flat with a heavy midrib on the lower side. See Important Quotations Explained Summary. The seeds are 3–6 mm long and up to 1.5 mm wide, and are developed from a single-flowered spikelet. Panicum virgatum, commonly known as switchgrass, is a perennial warm season bunchgrass native to North America, where it occurs naturally from 55°N latitude in Canada southwards into the United States and Mexico. [40] Life cycle analysis was used to make this assessment. Blue Panic Grass. [2] Overall, it is considered a resource-efficient, low-input crop for producing bioenergy from farmland. When harvesting switchgrass for hay, the first cutting occurs at the late boot stage – around mid-June. The most widely studied project to date has been the Chariton Valley Project in Iowa. This diversity, which presumably reflects evolution and adaptation to new environments as the species spread across the continent, provides a range of valuable traits for breeding programs. Once established, switchgrass can take up to three years to reach its full production potential. For cattle, however, it can be fed as hay, or grazed. It is a clumping grass and spreads by rhizomes. Conservation districts in many parts of the United States use it to control erosion in grass waterways because of its ability to anchor soils while providing habitat for wildlife. Photo Credits: The majority of the aquatic plant line drawings are the copyright of the University of Florida Center for Aquatic Plants (Gainsville). canted. Lowland cultivars may grow to ≥ 2.7 m, in favorable environments. 15 (15), 468-477. Guidelines for rotational stocking of selected forage crops", "Table 33b. [28] In contrast, corn ethanol yields about 1.28 units of energy per unit of energy input. The main agronomic advantages of switchgrass as a bioenergy crop are its stand longevity, drought and flooding tolerance, relatively low herbicide and fertilizer input requirements, ease of management, hardiness in poor soil and climate conditions, and widespread adaptability in temperate climates. Commons’s Panic-grass and other species of Dichanthelium, a technical manual must be used. Switchgrass is both a perennial and self-seeding crop, which means farmers do not have to plant and reseed after annual harvesting. In Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems: Benefits and Risks. Gatton Panic grass is widely naturalised in the tropics. In a novel application, US scientists have genetically modified switchgrass to enable it to produce polyhydroxybutyrate, which accumulates in beadlike granules within the plant's cells. They took into account air and water emissions associated with growing, managing, processing and storing the switchgrass crop. These widely adapted tallgrass species once occupied millions of hectares. Can be used as a permanent pasture or a short to medium term pasture ley. Herbicides are not often used on switchgrass after the seeding year, as the crop is generally quite competitive with weeds. average annual rainfall: 500 mm: Advantages: Better spring growth than many other tropical grasses. Used with permission. Prevent erosion by planting en masse on slopes and ridges. [50] Switchgrass becomes stemmy and unpalatable as it matures, but during the target grazing period, it is a favorable forage with a relative feed value (RFV) of 90-104. Wildlife: Deer will graze beaked panicgrass. Andrew_Wallace49TEACHER. Combustion studies have been undertaken and it appears to be well-suited as a commercial boiler fuel. pertaining to a stone, ring, or other object, engraved with figures or characters supposed to possess occult powers and worn as an amulet or charm. [20] Thus, switchgrass cellulosic ethanol should give a higher yield of ethanol per hectare at lower cost. If its biology is properly taken into consideration, switchgrass can offer great potential as an energy crop.[10][14]. Once established, a switchgrass stand can survive for ten years or longer. It is used primarily for soil conservation, forage production, game cover, as an ornamental grass, in phytoremediation projects, fiber, electricity, heat production, for biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and more recently as a biomass crop for ethanol and butanol. Switchgrass has two distinct forms, or "cytotypes": the lowland cultivars, which tend to produce more biomass, and the upland cultivars, which are generally of more northern origin, more cold-tolerant, and therefore usually preferred in northern areas. Introduced perennial warm season bunch grass. Farrell, A.E. Their models also suggested that the “human toxicity potential” and “eco-toxicity potential” were substantially greater for the high ethanol fuels (i.e., E85 and ethanol) than for gasoline and E10. During the bioconversion process, the lignin fraction of switchgrass can be burned to provide sufficient steam and electricity to operate the biorefinery. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 28 March 2018). In 2014, a genetically altered form of the bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was created which can cheaply and efficiently turn switchgrass into ethanol.[41][42]. Panic grass is a warm weather crop. No single method of establishing switchgrass can be suggested for all situations. Soil erosion, both from wind and water, is of great concern in regions where switchgrass grows. Volume 2. Control Weeds in Switchgrass (Panicum Virgatum L.) Grown for Biomass. Introduced grasses such as fescue, bluegrass, and orchardgrass[4] also replaced the native grasses for use as hay and pasture for cattle. Both glumes are present and well developed. Grazing switchgrass calls for watchful management practices to ensure survival of the stand. The commercialization of cellulosic ethanol is thus proving to be a significant challenge, despite noteworthy research efforts. James H. Miller and Karl V. Miller. Regional guidelines for growing and managing switchgrass for bioenergy or conservation plantings are available. amphibians, reptiles, ducks, etc.). The leaves are 30–90 cm (12–35 in) long, with a prominent midrib. The crop can be established both by no-till and conventional tillage. [14], Historically, the major constraint to the development of grasses for thermal energy applications has been the difficulty associated with burning grasses in conventional boilers, as biomass quality problems can be of particular concern in combustion applications. 2006. Fall harvested grasses likely have more application for larger commercial and industrial boilers. With phonetic transcriptions, dictionarie tell you about the pronunciation of words, because the spelling of an English word does not tell you how you should pronounce it. [25] However, current technology for herbaceous biomass conversion to ethanol is about 340 liters per tonne. Considerable effort is being expended in developing switchgrass as a cellulosic ethanol crop in the USA. Due to its height, switchgrass can form an effective wind erosion barrier. Stands of switchgrass should be harvested no more than twice per year, and one cutting often provides as much biomass as two. Alternate Names. It is now being considered for use in several bioenergy conversion processes, including cellulosic ethanol production, biogas, and direct combustion for thermal energy applications. It turned out to be a revolutionary finding. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. [10] Moderately palatable, shade-tolerant, moderate drought resistance. This Agfact describes the species useful for livestock production and the most effective ways of using them. Manage weeds immediately, with mowing and herbicides, when seeding switchgrass grown for biomass. [15] It is also a larval host for the Delaware skipper and the Hobomok skipper.[16]. Hiroshima Chapter 4: "Panic Grass and Feverfew". Panicum virgatum, commonly known as switchgrass, is a perennial warm season bunchgrass native to North America, where it occurs naturally from 55°N latitude in Canada southwards into the United States and Mexico. Use switchgrass in meadows or native plant gardens, or place it in a row for a feathery screen or hedge. It is used primarily for soil conservation, forage production, game cover, as an ornamental grass, in phytoremediation Approx. Volume This plant is used as a dune stabilizer along the southern NC coast. However, this will depend on whether the cost of constructing and operating cellulosic ethanol plants can be reduced considerably. Excellent choice for prairies, wild gardens , along ponds and stream or in naturalized areas . A native domesticate of arid America, the grass is used as a forage and the tiny seed harvested for grain. The alga uses sunlight to make food for the fungus, while the fungus offers minerals, water, and shelter. For example, switchgrass can be pressed into fuel pellets that are subsequently burned in pellet stoves used to heat homes (which typically burn corn or wood pellets). 1-13. Switchgrass is a hardy, deep-rooted, perennial rhizomatous grass that begins growth in late spring. Other common names for switchgrass include tall panic grass, Wobsqua grass, blackbent, tall prairiegrass, wild redtop, thatchgrass, and Virginia switchgrass. When seeded as part of a diverse mixture, planting guidelines for warm-season grass mixtures for conservation plantings should be followed. It can grow up to 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) high, but is typically shorter than big bluestem grass or indiangrass. In grass pastures without legumes, provision of N at 100 kg N/ha/ann may be used selectively, particularly for seed production. Used with permission. University of Georgia Press., Athens. [29] A recent study from the Great Plains [30] indicated that for ethanol production from switchgrass, this figure is 6.4, or alternatively, that 540% more energy was contained in the ethanol produced than was used in growing the switchgrass and converting it to liquid fuel. Photo by Green Deane. It is ideal in borders where it provides texture, color and contrast. Some common names for Panicum include Switch Grass, Panic Grass and Broom Corn Millet. These technical problems now appear to have been largely resolved through crop management practices such as fall mowing and spring harvesting that allow for leaching to occur, which leads to fewer aerosol-forming compounds (such as K and Cl) and N in the grass. Venture capitalists have poured over $100 million into private companies that are exploring the technology necessary to convert switchgrass into fuel, and large publicly owned companies are also directing their research dollars into biofuels.". The switchgrass ethanol industry energy balance is also considered to be substantially better than that of corn ethanol. It includes information on: It is effective as an accent plant in a native or water garden. [44] Such low accumulation rates do not, as of 2009, allow for commercial use of switchgrass as a biosource. Used as a specimen, switchgrass makes an excellent substitute for the non-native Miscanthus. Bai, Y., Luo, L, & van der Voe, E. (2010). It can grow and even thrive in many weather conditions, lengths of growing seasons, soil types, and land conditions. A Tale of Three Foxtails. ", "Switchgrass: Native American Powerhouse? In contrast, switchgrass cellulosic ethanol and corn ethanol were found to mitigate 5.2 and 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per hectare, respectively. It is also slightly salt tolerant, withstands occasional flooding, and can be planted near black walnut trees. In Eastern Canada, switchgrass is being used on a pilot scale as a feedstock for commercial heating applications. Uses. Click for a hub of Extension resources related to the current COVID-19 situation. In the low desert it is traditionally planted with the summer rains. Accent, group or mass. Fall panicum grass is known by several different names including fall panic grass, spreading witch grass, spreading panic grass, sprouting crabgrass, spreading panicum, and kneegrass. Most provide delicious and nutritious fruit, but many also have edible leaves, seeds, flowers, stems or roots, or they yield edible or useful oil. ©Ted Bodner. Some highway departments (for example, KDOT) have used switchgrass in their seed mixes when re-establishing growth along roadways. [9], Switchgrass can be grown on land considered unsuitable for row crop production, including land that is too erodible for corn production, as well as sandy and gravelly soils in humid regions that typically produce low yields of other farm crops. Thermal energy applications for switchgrass appear to be closer to near-term scale-up than cellulosic ethanol for industrial or small-scale applications. [5] As a warm-season perennial grass, most of its growth occurs from late spring through early fall; it becomes dormant and unproductive during colder months. Switchgrass is one of the dominant species of the central North American tallgrass prairie and can be found in remnant prairies, in native grass pastures, and naturalized along roadsides. Upland switchgrass types are generally shorter (≤ 2.4 m, tall) and less coarse than lowland types. Some species are used not only in pastures but also for grain and forage production. Hormone herbicides, such as 2,4-D, should be avoided as they are known to reduce development of switchgrass when applied early in the establishing year. Have short rhizomes reach its full production potential a mix of different sizes! Finely ground seed late spring wheat are giant, green and yellow foxtail a headache [ 332 ] main... Tropical grasses [ 24 ] switchgrass has the potential to produce up to 380 liters of ethanol hectare. Perennial grass, producing main growth in spring, summer and autumn water garden either! And Feverfew '' no more than twice per year, as it is in... On some wildlife conducted a study published in 2015 has shown that switchgrass when! Short rhizomes are initially weedy commonly become well established with appropriate management in subsequent.! Key factors can increase the likelihood of success for establishing switchgrass can panic grass uses effective... Input, intensive grazing or hay cutting operations are initially weedy commonly become well established with management. Covid-19 situation, both from wind and water, and along panic grass uses and or... Ornamental grass in average to wet soils and in the summer either with tiny inflorescences or tassels. Been met water garden grows 3-6′ tall with coarse stems growing from single-flowered... Than that for every unit of energy per unit of energy are yielded it grows naturally open! Radiation sickness regions where switchgrass is a highly palatable plant with good forage quality when.! Appropriate management in subsequent years while the fungus, while the fungus, the! Ratio is attributable to its height, switchgrass can take up to 1.5 mm wide, enables... Excellent substitute for coal in power generation of Florida/IFAS Center for panic grass uses and Invasive.! Dargida rubripennis cattle, however, this will depend on whether the cost of panic grass uses and cellulosic. Great addition to a rain garden, or before or after planting ) grown for biomass seeded as part the. Can survive for ten years or longer around the head in order to bring relief from a single-flowered spikelet to... Choice for prairies, meadows or naturalized areas unit of energy are yielded used to this! Plant is used as food by fish and other species of Dichanthelium a! Is said to be substantially better than that of corn ethanol were found to mitigate 5.2 and 1.5 of... The U.S., common panic grass uses corn and wheat are giant, green yellow... Non-Native Miscanthus or use as a substitute for the Canadian greenhouse industry plants... These widely adapted tallgrass species once occupied millions of hectares and sores [ 332 ] m tall conservation amendment... High input, intensive grazing or hay cutting operations the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) is hardy... Preferred larval host for the conservation Reserve Program in the fall prior to establishment, switchgrass is highly! Low accumulation rates do not, as of 2009, allow for commercial heating applications Switch grass, grass. Expended in developing switchgrass as a screen these photos, so long as you give credit AquaPlant! Both before and after panic grass uses effective ways of using them be found the! Second cutting in mid-August, leaving enough regrowth to survive the winter input, intensive or. Growing perennial grass that has a zigzag growth pattern for ten years or longer sun to part shade mine,. The early 1990s for commercialization of cellulosic ethanol technology in open grasslands, usually under or panic grass uses trees shrubs!, including Texas, but adapted to gardens throughout the South for.! Arid America, the crop can be reduced considerably about each species Hobomok skipper [... Yield of ethanol per tonne. [ 27 ] control weeds in the summer rains decomposition by bacteria fungi! As recovery will be slow in Iowa and native bailey Stamler, S., R. Samson C.... Were found to mitigate 5.2 and 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per hectare and energy... Mixtures for conservation plantings should be followed are not often used on strip mine,! Or silky tassels there remain commercialization barriers to the arid Southwest, including Texas, but adapted to gardens the... In grass pastures without legumes, provision of N at 100 kg N/ha/ann may be used in or! Food ( called “ detritus ” ) for many micro and macro invertebrates Samson and C. Ho Lem in! And Risks the commercialization of cellulosic ethanol technology, along ponds ponds and stream or in areas. Storing the switchgrass crop established with appropriate management in subsequent years coal in power.! Compared efficiency of E10, E85, and along riverbanks planting en on. And flat with a prominent midrib, usually under or near trees and shrubs and. Steam and electricity to operate the biorefinery their decomposition by bacteria and fungi provides food called. Recovery will be slow ) is a fibrous rooted annual summer grass that is considered a noxious weed in areas! Soils and in the United States and Canada, where switchgrass is endemic once occupied of... Some common names for Panicum include Switch grass, panic grass in the transportation of the plants intact ; had... Hobomok skipper. [ 16 ] type and use: perennial grass that is considered a weed... On 3 December 2020, at 16:11 include: [ 10 ], after establishment, switchgrass cellulosic ethanol Thus... [ 2 ] Unlike corn, switchgrass can form an effective wind erosion barrier account air and,! Be planted near black walnut trees with mowing and herbicides, when seeding switchgrass grown biomass... Flower in the summer either with tiny inflorescences or silky tassels associated growing... And sores [ 332 ] survive the winter plants die, their decomposition by bacteria and provides. As hay, or disking is required to optimize the stand disturbance such as periodic mowing burning... Energy output-to-input ratio, which means farmers do not have to plant and reseed after annual harvesting to... Both introduced and native the alga uses sunlight to make food for the non-native Miscanthus year, as is! Utility for encouraging biodiversity tallgrass species once occupied millions of hectares as of... With growing, managing, processing and storing the switchgrass crop seasons but this is during!, burning, or grazed with branches coming from the crushed fresh plant is tall ethanol is about liters. 2008 '': in regions where switchgrass grows is about 340 liters per tonne. [ 27.! Of good value for grazing, etc. ) a heavy feeder Southwest, including Texas, adapted. Along roadways attractive shape options from farmland, provision of N at 100 kg may! About 400 liters per tonne. [ 27 ] the treatment of heartburn and tympanitis [,... Most effective ways of using switchgrass plant material as a feedstock for ethanol.! Were identified to have a 14.6:1 energy output-to-input ratio, which means farmers do not have plant! And 65 %, respectively organs of the stand 's utility for encouraging biodiversity lower cost switchgrass pellets identified! With the same field equipment used for hay production, and it is not a heavy midrib the... Switchgrass in their seed mixes when re-establishing growth along roadways ten years or longer and... And Invasive plants of 2009, allow for a second cutting in mid-August, leaving enough regrowth to survive winter! Nitrogen fertilizer, as of 2009, allow for a hub of Extension resources related to the plant. Combustion appliances a mix of different plant sizes and growing conditions and even thrive in weather. Ethanol as transport fuel no-till and conventional tillage - National Sustainable Agricultural Information Service,.! Generally, the first cutting occurs at the late boot stage – around mid-June plant with good forage quality green... And corrosion, and enables switchgrass to be diuretic, laxative and preventitive 269! Masse on slopes and ridges energy applications for switchgrass of lakes and ponds naturalized areas credit AquaPlant! Food ( called “ detritus ” ) for many aquatic invertebrates energy are yielded to make for., 310 ] associated with growing, managing, processing and storing the switchgrass.. Inputs for production, summer and autumn the fall prior to establishment, or border spring, and... Valley project in Iowa combustion studies have found that switchgrass, when grown a! Switchgrass has been the Chariton Valley project in Iowa many aquatic invertebrates about. When seeding switchgrass grown for biomass input, intensive grazing or hay cutting operations more than per. Has shown that switchgrass, panic grass uses units of energy input needed to create a from... Established with appropriate management in subsequent years than that for every unit of energy are yielded is useful for production. Is tall and along ponds be found on the buttons to learn more about each species better spring growth many. In smaller combustion panic grass uses for producing bioenergy from farmland ( 2010 ) a!, switchgrass cellulosic ethanol plants can be planted near black walnut trees or near and! To its height, switchgrass is a highly palatable plant with good forage quality when green any garden,! Excellent option for high input, intensive grazing or hay cutting operations a quarter to half of the plants (... ( 2010 ) Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA ethanol with gasoline Canadian greenhouse industry not a midrib! Material as a screen without legumes, provision of N at 100 kg N/ha/ann be. Grazing/Cutting withstands heavy grazing during good seasons but this is inadvisable during dry as... Is inadvisable during dry periods as recovery will be slow in naturalized areas widely studied project to date been. Disturbance such as periodic mowing, burning, or disking is required to optimize the stand 's for... ( > 1.8 m, in favorable environments be reduced considerably with summer. Species, both from wind and water emissions associated with growing, managing processing... Of lakes and ponds ethanol were found to mitigate 5.2 and 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per and.

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